"Crypto" - or "crypto currencies" - are a type of software system which provides transactional functionality to users through the Internet. The most important feature of the system is their decentralized nature - typically provided by the blockchain database system.

Blockchain and "crypto currencies" have become major elements to the global zeitgeist recently; typically as a result of the "price" of Bitcoin skyrocketing. This has lead millions of people to participate in the market, with many of the "Bitcoin exchanges" undergoing massive infrastructure stresses as the demand soared.

The most important point to realize about "crypto" is that although it actually serves a purpose (cross-border transactions through the Internet), it does not provide any other financial benefit. In other words, its "intrinsic value" is staunchly limited to the ability to transact with other people; NOT in the storing / disseminating of value (which is what most people see it as).

The most important thing you need to realize is that "Bitcoin" and the like are payment networks - NOT "currencies". This will be covered more deeply in a second; the most important thing to realize is that "getting rich" with BTC is not a case of giving people any better economic standing - it's simply the process of being able to buy the "coins" for a low price and sell them higher.

To this end, when looking at "crypto", you need to first understand how it actually works, and where its "value" really lies...

Decentralized Payment Networks...

As mentioned, the key thing to remember about "Crypto" is that it's predominantly a decentralized payment network. Think Visa/Mastercard without the central processing system.

This is important because it highlights the real reason why people have really began looking into the "Bitcoin" proposition more deeply; it gives you the ability to send/receive money from anyone around the world, so long as they have your Bitcoin wallet address.

The reason why this attributes a "price" to the various "coins" is because of the misconception that "Bitcoin" will somehow give you the ability to make money by virtue of being a "crypto" asset. It doesn't.

The ONLY way that people have been making money with Bitcoin has been due to the "rise" in its price - buying the "coins" for a low price, and selling them for a MUCH higher one. Whilst it worked out well for many people, it was actually based off the "greater fool theory" - essentially stating that if you manage to "sell" the coins, it's to a "greater fool" than you.

This means that if you're looking to get involved with the "crypto" space today, you're basically looking at buying any of the "coins" (even "alt" coins) which are cheap (or inexpensive), and riding their price rises until you sell them off later on. Because none of the "coins" are backed by real-world assets, there is no way to estimate when/if/how this will work.

Future Growth

For all intents-and-purposes, "Bitcoin" is a spent force.

The epic rally of December 2017 indicated mass adoption, and whilst its price will likely continue to grow into the $20,000+ range, buying one of the coins today will basically be a huge gamble that this will occur.

The smart money is already looking at the majority of "alt" coins (Ethereum/Ripple etc) which have a relatively small price, but are continually growing in price and adoption. The key thing to look at in the modern "crypto" space is the way in which the various "platform" systems are actually being used.

Such is the fast-paced "technology" space; Ethereum & Ripple are looking like the next "Bitcoin" - with a focus on the way in which they're able to provide users with the ability to actually utilize "decentralized applications" (DApps) on top of their underlying networks to get functionality to work.

VoIP on WiMax will make the latest 3G technologies obsolete before they are completely installed. The reason is because 3G cell phone technology is capable of 2Mbs while WiFi is at 11Mbs in bursts and WiMax will be even greater therefore 3G is not needed as VoIP over WiMax is going to provide more data, faster speeds and greater numbers of users. WiFi and WiMax may actually solve the goals of conquering the digital divide. There will be a small price for this disruptive technology. There will be small legal battles fought such as this one over territory with government agencies and private sector. In the WiFi Online Newsletter commenting on a Wall Street Journal Article we saw Verizon fighting with the City of Philadelphia over their city wide WiFi and if you think about it they do potentially have quite a bit to lose don't they?

There will also be issues with frequency pollution from other uses in close proximity of the frequency band being sent out. There will be issues with the human biological system, birds, animals and pets. There will also layoffs caused by such disruption and some bluff layoffs to sway political intervention through careful manipulation of "K-Street" style guerrilla lobbying. There will also be issues with first to market and frequency allocations from the FCC. There will be consumer complaints due to bandwidth being used up and services too slow for users.

There are already some heated battles going on with the use of power lines to deliver Internet to the home because it will disrupt Ham Operators. The layoffs in Telecom have been astronomical in recent years. New technologies while they give the industry new life, new directions to grow they also provide for some fierce competition between players. One of the most recent issues was the VoIP FCC ruling, which said that VoIP couldn't be taxed by states, as it is an Internet Service not a phone service. This was a major ruling for the VoIP Industry and will add billions of dollars in capital from investment banks and venture capital firms.

http://www.commweb.com/53700703

Recently I was at a WiFi Verizon Hot Spot and there were six people with computers there, two playing video games on the Internet, One using VoIP another downloading a big file, needless to say surfing at any acceptable speed or collecting 1000 emails (most 90% SPAM) was out of the question. Although patrons have paid $19.95 per month for internet access there will be issues with speed and bandwidth as the Internet is soaked up by VoIP and excessive emails. WiMax promises to solve this problem with speeds of 75MB per second as opposed to the WiFi burst speeds of 11MB or the mobile satellite solutions at 1-2 MB per second. Still all of these solutions blow out of the water the old dial up speeds. 3G Wireless was thought to be the savior, yet with speeds on the very lowest end of the spectrum, even devices like the Blackberry (RIMM), or the AT & T iGO do not stand a chance on such services.

Right now 3G network is nearly complete and works good for phone calls and instant messaging, but is quite lacking for video or picture emailing. As new devices come out such as movie watching, music downloads, projection video, hologram messages, 3G, 4G even 5G and what some in the industry call 6G will not be able to use with the current 3G towers across the nation. Even with 1000:1 algorithm compression there is a limit on the devices and system. The Telecom Industry has taken a huge hit in the last five years with massive layoffs, accounting irregularities and overpriced bidding for frequency allocation, which amounted to investments based on pie in the sky wishful thinking potential consumer numbers even from a monopolistic standpoint, it was simply not possible. The frenzy to over pay for these frequencies was out of control and we saw the fallout occur as predicted by many an insider.

The De Facto Crypto Currency for the Telecom Industry

Telecoin (TCN) is an open source, peer-to-peer, community driven decentralized crypto currency with its own economy, the telecom economy. Telecoin allows its users to purchase, subscribe and pay for telecom products and services such as recharging their mobile phones, paying for data subscription and cable television bills from within their wallet using their coin balance.

Telecoin also serves as a means of wealth storage and investment in a non-government controlled system called the decentralized blockchain.

Telecoin is the De facto crypto currency for the global telecommunication industry. It is the digital currency used as a means of exchange and barter for the telecommunication industry. It is digital currency used for purchasing, subscribing and making payments for telecommunication products and services.

for more information visit :https://telecoin.co/

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Funding AIDS cure research

Human health is very important. We have to protect our health to live very long. People are suffering for different illnesses and we need to know how to avoid them. Thanks to it, we will be healthier. One of the most dangerous types of illnesses in our world is HIV. It is a virus that can cause AIDS - the most dangerous and incurable illness. Many people are dying every day for AIDS. It is a very important task to make some researches those results in finding a cure for HIV. The best option is avoiding HIV sources, but people who are already infected are also looking for some help.

Actually, we can find many types of HIV research. Their task is to work on different therapies to find a HIV cure. Unfortunately, we have problems with finding a good cure. We should provide more funds for such researches. They can save many lives of people who are infected. Unfortunately, its persistence in HIV reservoirs is very high. Without additional funds, finding a cure for this illness will be a very big problem. Let us hope that more and more people will fund these researches.

HIV persistence is very high so it is a very difficult "opponent" to beat. Fortunately, people are incorporating to find an effective HIV vaccine. We can find many different HIV cure workshops. They do many different researches. People can help them by funding new equipment. We can look for some information about researches to know what we are funding. Many workshops are providing information in different types of media (TV, radio etc). We can find more and more information in the internet on official websites of HIV workshops. These sites provide info about meetings, conferences and effects of researches.

The websites of HIV workshops provide not only information about researches and about the workshop. We can also find some basic information about HIV on these sites. We will know how we can become infected and how to avoid sources of HIV infection. It is better to avoid different illnesses than to cure them (the same situation is in case of HIV and AIDS). Even the small amount of money can help us to save lives of many people infected by HIV and AIDS. Maybe we can find a cure for these serious illnesses very soon.

For over 30 years HIV/AIDS has wreaked havoc on the population of the world. Certain areas have been especially hard hit due to a lack of information regarding how the disease is spread and an inability to get the medications necessary to prolong a person's life once they have been infected. In the beginning, there was little known about the effects of HIV and almost no funding for the study the disease or to develop effective treatment options. In fact, the first drug that showed any signs of slowing the progression of HIV/AIDS was not licensed by the FDA until 1987.

In 1986 researchers knew that the drug known as AZT was a dramatic step forward in the battle against HIV/AIDS but they also knew that there was much work to be done. The initial optimism quickly faded as scientists and researchers began to understand that AZT was not an effective standalone treatment. The initial benefits from the treatment of this drug waned quickly as HIV became resistant to the medication. It was at this point the scientists realized that the battle against HIV and AIDS was unlike any other that they had faced up to this point.

In 1994 renewed optimism came from the development of double combination therapy and, finally, triple drug combinations were shown capable to completely block HIV replication in 1996.

Unfortunately, we are still years away from a cure for HIV. Thankfully, mortality rates have dropped significantly as researchers have begun to develop more effective drug cocktails which can combat the progression of HIV allowing those infected to live normal healthy lives for much longer than was thought possible only a couple of decades ago. In order to eliminate HIV/AIDS it will be necessary for governments and their citizens to reestablish their commitment to eradicating this disease by committing increased funds for the research and development of new, more powerful drugs.

Some of the top researchers in the field believe that within 2 decades we could be at the cusp of eliminating HIV from the planet once and for all. These individuals have reason to be positive because they have seen a great deal of progress being made as they have come to a better understanding of HIV/AIDS. The sad fact is that even if a cure is only a few years off, untold numbers of infected individuals will pass away before that time comes. HIV/AIDS is an indiscriminate killer that affects individuals of every race, nationality, and sexual orientation. Our dedication to defeating this disease must be as relentless as the infection itself if we are to prevent even more individuals from being victims.

An Overview of SupT1 Cell Infusion Therapy, our Novel Cell-Based Therapy Solution for HIV 

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HIV infection usually leads to a progressive decline in number and functionality of CD4+ T lymphocytes, resulting in AIDS development. As explained in Jonathan Fior’s papers [1–3], the HIV virus has a higher tropism for SupT1 cells than for primary CD4+ T cells. Several hypotheses have been proposed as an explanation, most notably the higher surface expression of CD4 and CXCR4 receptors in SupT1 cells. In addition, in vitro studies of HIV evolution show that persistent growth in the SupT1 cell line results in a less cytopathic virus with a reduced capacity for syncytium formation, a higher sensitivity to neutralization, improved replication in SupT1 cells and impaired infection of primary CD4+ T cells [4–6]. Accordingly, Jonathan Fior proposed the infusion of irradiated SupT1 cells as a cell-based HIV therapy to exploit the therapeutic potential of these phenomena [1–3]. The rationale behind this approach is that moving infection toward the inoculated cells should prevent infection and depletion of the patient’s own CD4+ T cells and, therefore, AIDS. In such a strategy, SupT1 cells would act as a “decoy target” for the HIV virus to prevent CD4+ T cell depletion as well as to render the virus less cytopathic. As previously mentioned, in vitro studies of HIV evolution show that prolonged replication in SupT1 cells renders the virus less cytopathic and more sensitive to neutralization. Accordingly, replication of the virus in the inoculated SupT1 cells should also have a vaccination effect; that is, the therapy should also induce the virus to become progressively less aggressive and harmful for the patient. The use of SupT1 cells as a decoy target for HIV has been investigated in vitro and in vivo, with interesting results [1,3]. In vitro data showed that, when primary CD4+ T cells are infected with HIV in the presence of SupT1 cells, the preferential infection of SupT1 cells can spare primary CD4+ T cells from infection and depletion. In vivo data in humanized mice showed that significantly lower viral replication (~10-fold) and potentially preserved CD4+ T cell frequency at Week 1 was scored in animals treated with SupT1 cell infusion. Of note, one animal exhibited a sustained decrease in HIV replication and CD4+ T cell depletion (no virus detected anymore at Weeks 3 and 4), a result that may hold the key to future HIV treatments. Given the urgent and global need for a cost effective cure for HIV, we believe that the millions of people infected by this terrible disease deserve highly innovative HIV cure research strategies, such as SupT1 cell infusion therapy. 

In summary, these are some of the potential therapeutic benefits of this cell-based treatment that go beyond what can be achievable with traditional antiretroviral therapy (cART):

1)The vaccination effect. As previously mentioned, SupT1 cells have been shown to have a very powerful vaccination effect in vitro [4–6]. In this regard, in vitro studies of HIV evolution showed that upon prolonged replication in SupT1 cells, the X4 HIV-1 LAI virus evolves toward a less virulent phenotype with a reduced capacity for syncytium formation, thus losing the main cytopathic feature characterizing X4 strains, and most notably the virus adaptation to replicate in SupT1 cells results in gradually losing the ability to replicate in primary CD4+ T cells [4]. In addition, the variation to neutralization sensitivity after viral growth in tumor T cell lines has also been examined. Interestingly, one study reported that primary isolates that were initially resistant to neutralization acquired sensitivity to neutralization after continuous growth in tumor T cell lines, and that the sensitivity to neutralization progressively increased during the days of culturing [5]. Specifically, it was shown that after 14 days in continuous culture, 100 micrograms/mL of rsCD4 (recombinant soluble CD4) were needed to neutralize 1 TCID of primary isolate, while only 0.3 micrograms/mL of rsCD4 were needed to neutralize 1 TCID of the virus after 75 days in continuous culture. This means that there was a 300 fold increase in virus sensitivity to neutralization after prolonged replication in a tumor T cell line, which is really something remarkable. All these phenomena could therefore harbor a significant therapeutic potential that could be exploited with SupT1 cell infusion therapy to induce HIV infection to evolve into a more tractable state for therapy.

2)Potentially no organ toxicity; cART is a drug based treatment and as such is associated with organ toxicity because the drugs are metabolized by various organs. By contrast, SupT1 cell infusion is a cell-based treatment and there is no chemical substance injected into the body that needs to be metabolized, which could significantly improve the quality of the patient's life.

3)Be effective in patients in a terminal state of disease that developed drug resistant and very aggressive HIV strains. When a patient is treated with cART, the virus fights back because it strives to survive, which can result in the development of very aggressive and drug resistant HIV strains, especially in the terminal stage of the disease and in such cases cART becomes ineffective. By contrast, SupT1 cell infusion therapy provides the virus with a permissive cell-line in which it can preferentially replicate, so that a peaceful coexistence between virus and host becomes possible, which could dramatically improve the patient's health as the virus infection progressively moves toward the inoculated SupT1 cells and the virus becomes increasingly less pathogenic for its host.

4)Possible association of the treatment with novel molecular compounds such as a Vif-inhibitor to act on HIV reservoirs. The HIV-1 Vif protein is essential for viral replication in primary CD4+ T cells but not in SupT1 cells [1]. Accordingly, pharmacologic inhibition of Vif could be combined with SupT1 cell infusion to further restrict viral replication to the inoculated SupT1 cells. Considering that APOBEC3G is expressed by different cell types, such as neuronal cells, astrocytes, and macrophages [2], pharmacologic inhibition of Vif may also have the benefit of acting on HIV reservoirs in the brain and other body areas. There are several molecules with promising anti-Vif activity currently being tested [2]. Similarly, other HIV-1 accessory proteins that are not essential for replication in SupT1 cells (e.g., Vpr, Vpu, and Nef [3]) may also be the target of pharmacologic inhibition. It is important to point out that these drugs would not affect virus replication in the inoculated SupT1 cells, and therefore in combination with SupT1 cell infusion therapy, there should not be development of drug resistance normally associated with drug based treatments. 

​

5)A cost effective AIDS cure solution. Our mission is to provide a cost effective cure solution for AIDS. In contrast with traditional cell-based and gene-based therapies that make use of modified autologous cells and are therefore very expensive and often unpractical for a large scale application, using a standardized T cell line such as the SupT1 cell line should significantly reduce the treatment costs associated with SupT1 cell infusion therapy, allowing access to the therapy where access to traditional HIV therapies is restricted by economic and social limitations. The social and economical impacts of a low cost HIV cure solution would be enormous. 

Below some considerations with regard to potential issues:

1)Safety. We take this issue very seriously and are committed to performing very rigorous preclinical research to ensure there is enough data on safety to obtain approval from regulatory agencies for human experimentation. In this regard, injection of irradiated tumor cells as a therapy is already performed in cancer vaccination. In such cases, irradiating the cells prior to inoculation has been shown to ensure treatment safety both in animal and clinical studies [7]. We used the same protocol used in cancer vaccination studies (i.e., 30 Gy of radiation dose for the cells), which resulted in safe in vivo inoculation in our animal study as well [3]. Specifically, all animals successfully survived the treatment and presence of SupT1 cells was almost undetectable at late time points, which means that irradiating the cells prior to inoculation efficiently prevented SupT1 cell replication. Furthermore, we infused high doses of cells (40 million SupT1 cells were infused weekly), which in a highly immunodeficient mouse strain would rapidly lead to animal death in case of tumor development. Therefore, based on the clinical data we already have from cancer vaccination studies, and from the results of our first animal study, we believe that meeting the safety standards required for human trials is something feasible.

2)Rejection issues. Tumors can develop because tumor cells are able to evade immune recognition. For example, SupT1 cells do not express HLA-DR, which is an antigen highly associated with immune recognition [8]. Accordingly, given the tumoral nature of SupT1 cells, they should be significantly less immunogenic than normal cells and as such should survive in the patient long enough to provide a therapeutic effect. However, it is possible that the HIV virus will eradicate the cells faster and more efficiently than the

 immune system itself in any case.for more information visit:http://innovativebioresearch.com/,my bitcointalk profile link: https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?action=profile;u=1460674.https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=3378302

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Decentralised car sharing platform

Image library software enables businesses to create an organisation-wide digital library, covering a wide array of digital formats including images, video, PDF files, music and data files. The importance of securing data relating to business branding and marketing efforts, internet visibility and transparency, as well as their ability to disseminate important and promotional material to staff and customers alike, is essential in today's technology driven business environment. Web based image library software is now considered the most convenient and efficient method of storing, retrieving, archiving and distributing digital files. The transfer and distribution of these files is simple and secure, with a permission based structure enabling managers of such systems to provide levels of access to certain individuals, departments and customers.

Even if your business has an extensive catalogue of digital files, locating what you need is facilitated through an advanced search engine that categorises the data, as well as labelling with meta-descriptions. This means that an individual can simply search for the files using simple keyword searches.

The advantages of using image library software are numerous. Traditional library formats are limited by storage space. However, digital libraries have the capability to store far greater amounts of data, simply due to digital data requiring minimal space. Providing online information and promotional material becomes second nature, as image library software is compatible with, and encourages, adaption with technological advancements. Providing rich data, content, images and video on the company website is only the beginning. With the modern consumer demanding more interactivity in their web experiences, businesses employing the services of such software can take advantage of trends in the social media phenomenon. Distributing content to sites such as Wikipedia, Facebook and blogs is becoming increasingly important, not only to create another medium for marketing and public relations activities, but to engage with the modern consumer who are visiting these sites in increasing numbers to access company and product information.

However, the major benefit of a web based image library application is the decentralisation of information. With no physical boundaries, any user who has access to the internet and permission to use the software can draw data and images from the site. This means that the information is available 24/7, exactly where and when the users need it. Additionally, the resources located on the server are able to accessed by multiple users at a single time, increasing the efficiency of the system and the productivity of those using it.

Original Image is a New Zealand company dedicated to providing innovative online tools and services for marketing communications, information management, and publishing requirements.

With this in mind, Original Image created Mosaic DAM Software. Mosaic is a high performance web based Digital Asset Management solution, which can be easily configured to fit with any company brand.

Companies are waking to the fact that an overwhelming number of images and a myriad of other digital files are required for communication needs. The cost is real, as millions of dollars are lost by companies recreating jobs and mismanaging crucial corporate assets.

A new door to partnership is opened by the Chinese government to the foreign investors under this post-financial turmoil era in order to attract more foreign investment and provide more employment. On November 25, 2009, the State Council of the PRC promulgated the Measures for the Administration on the Establishment of Partnership Business by Foreign Enterprises or Individuals in China adopted at the 77th executive meeting of the State Council on August 19, 2009, which shall come into effect as of March 1, 2010 ("the Foreign Partnership Measures"). The Foreign Partnership Measures is regarded as supplementary to the Partnership Business Law of the People's Republic of China ("the Partnership Law"), article 108 of which provides that the measures for the administration on the establishment of partnership business by foreign enterprises or individuals shall be formulated by the State Council. Therefore the Partnership Law is the basic law for foreign enterprises or individuals (collectively "foreign partners") to establish the partnership business in China ("foreign partnership").

The initial effort to formulate this kind of measures with the authorization of the Partnership Law can be tracked to January 2007 when the Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China (MOC), as requested by the Legislative Affair Office of the State Council, promulgated a draft of the Measures for the Administration on the Foreign Funded Partnership Business ("the Draft") for public consultation. The Draft mostly reflect the intention of the MOC to remain the approval authority for the foreign partnerships as it does in the setup of the other three types of FIEs, such as equity joint venture, contractual joint venture and wholly foreign owned enterprise (i.e., EJV, CJV and WFOE, collectively FIEs). But the final Foreign Partnership Measures kick the MOC and its local branches ("the MOC local branches") out from the charging authority with the replacement by the local authorized branch of the State Administration of Industry and Commerce (SAIC local branch), which is unexpected to but welcome by the professionals and entrepreneurs. This article will do analysis on the Foreign Partnership Measures from four perspectives: foreign partnership models, foreign partners' qualification, thresholds and registration of the foreign partnership, in aiming to describe a clear foreign partnership roadmap for foreign partners.

Foreign Partnership Models

Foreign partners can set up the foreign partnership in China in three models: a. with the other foreign partners; b. with the Chinese individuals, legal persons and the other organizations registered and located in Mainland China; c. through participating the existing domestic partnership.

In the models above, the foreign partners have the option to take the form of general partnership, limited liability partnership or limited partnership stipulated by the Partnership Law, among which the limited liability partnership is only for the professional institutions such as law firms and accounting firms. Comparing with model a and b, model c seems more feasible and time-and-cost saving for the foreign partners. A complete due diligence will be conducted in order to minimize the risk from the operation of the domestic partnership before the participation date of the foreign partners. In consideration of the current administration and nature of the partnerships, lack of credibility and the other elements in China, it will be difficult to get a complete due diligence report satisfied with the foreign partners. Therefore, models a and b are highly recommended. Which model of a or b take needs the consideration and balance of the foreign partners based on their business plan, legal structuring, such as whether foreign partners themselves intend to do the business competing with the foreign partnership and how to exit by transferring the contribution in the partnership, etc., and the thresholds discussed below.

Foreign Partners' Qualification

The difference in the expression on the partners from overseas and China should be noted. Foreign partners only include foreign enterprises and individuals. The Chinese partners include Chinese individuals, legal persons and the other organizations. There is no unified legal interpretation on the "enterprise", though mostly it refers to the profitable organizations. This uncertainty may come from the prudency of the legislator of China on the qualifications of foreign partners. Under article 184 of the Opinions of the Supreme People's Court on Several Issues concerning the Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People's Republic of China for Trial ("the Opinions"), this expression of "enterprise" on the foreign partners allow the SAIC local branch more discretion to judge whether the foreign partner is a qualified "enterprise" or not in accordance with the relevant Chinese laws. In this scenario, the foreign partners need to note that they should not fall into the types of entities prescribed in article 3 of the Partnership Law if they aim to be a general partner, which says that wholly state-funded company, state-owned company, listed company, public-welfare-oriented institution or social organization may not become a general partner.

Regarding the foreign individuals, they must have full capacity for civil conduct in accordance with article 14 of the Partnership Law. The international private law problem will also be involved here. Pursuant to article 180 of the Opinions, the foreign individuals who conduct civil activities in the territory of China, shall be regarded as having full capacity for civil conduct if they have that in accordance with China laws, no matter what their national laws requires for their capacity for civil conduct. Foreign individuals at or above the age of 18 years old are qualified to be the foreign partners if they are not mentally ill.

Thresholds for Foreign Partnership

Some thresholds, such as the approval by the MOC, imposed on the FIEs are lifted for foreign partnership. This means that the foreign partnership and the domestic partnership will be treated with unified threshold in the aspect of approval, which will definitely reduce the criticism from the international community, but may cause more from the domestic public (including those FIEs). But it does not mean that there will be no thresholds review on foreign partnership.

Article 3 of the Foreign Partnership Measures lists the general thresholds for the foreign partnerships. The establishment of foreign partnership shall abide by the Partnership Law and the other relevant laws, regulations and rules, and comply with the industrial policies for foreign investment. These general thresholds need to be analyzed together with the reference to the other relevant laws, regulations, rules and policies.

First, the threshold provided by the Partnership Law is the pre-approval on the business scope. Where the business cope of a foreign partnership contains any item, for example oil distribution, that is subject to approval prior to registration according to laws or regulations, such approval shall be sought in advance and submitted at the time of registration with SAIC local branch. These pre-approvals involve, but not limited to, the Ministry of Land, the Ministry of Transport, the China Securities Regulatory Commission, the China Banking Regulatory Commission and the China Insurance Regulatory Commission, etc., which depends on the business of the foreign partnership.

Second, the Provisions on Guiding the Orientation of Foreign Investment (2002) and the Catalogue for the Guidance of Foreign Investment Industries (revised in 2007) (collectively "foreign investment industrial policies") set up the industrial threshold for the foreign partnerships, which are the industrial policy basis for the SAIC local branch to review registration application to establish foreign partnership in China. This will obviously increase the working load of the SAIC local branches since they are lack of the experience in this kind of foreign investment industrial policies review. We may also anticipate that there might be different explanation and implementations on the above two documents, which will be the problem faced by those foreign partners who submit the application in the first half year after the Foreign Partnership Measures comes into force on March 1, 2010.

The third threshold is that the verification is required if the project invested by the foreign partners falls into the scope described in the Provisional Measures Governing Verification of Foreign Invested Projects. The charging authority is the National Development and Reform Commission and its local branches, which depending on the amount of the total investment and the nature of the project.

It is necessary to note the forth threshold hidden in the important expression in article 3 of the Foreign Partnership Measures, which put the "rules" as the legal basis for the establishment of foreign partnerships. In the legal system of China, it indicates that the State Council authorizes the ministries or departments under the State Council ("the Ministries") to issue necessary "rules" applicable to foreign partnerships. It also reflects that the existing valid "rules" issued by the Ministries, including those applicable to the representative offices opened by foreign law firms in China, are still the barrier for the foreign partners to access the local market in China.

The final threshold comes from the commitment of China in its WTO accession. Although the State Council encourages those foreign partners who have advanced technology and management experience to establish foreign partnership in China with the purpose to facilitate the development of the modern service industry, at this stage, the services industries may only limited to those listed in the Schedule of Specific Commitments on Services (Annex 9 of the Protocol on the Accession of the People's Republic of China) and the openness will not be wider than the commitments therein.

Registration of the Foreign Partnership

In the FIEs regime, all investments by foreign investors need the pre-approvals of the MOC or MOC local branches. In the approval process, the MOC or MOC local branches will review, but not limited to, the content of the application, the article of associations of FIEs and contracts signed by the parties if any. Generally, this approval procedure will take 5 working days to 90 working days depending on the nature and total investment of the project. In this regard, the cancel of this approval for the foreign partnership will significantly escalate the speed of the establishment in the procedural stage and to a great extent reduce the uncertainty from the MOC or MOC local branches.

The Foreign Partnership Measures stipulates that the representative or agent of all the partners shall submit the establishment application only to the SAIC local branch and not the SAIC. The submission shall include, besides the documents required by the Regulations on the Administration of Registration of Partnership Business (revised in 2007, "Partnership Registration Regulation"), the explanation on compliance of the foreign partnership with the foreign investment industrial policies, which will ease the review by the SAIC local branch. In this regard, the review may not be limited to the formality as provided in article 16 of Partnership Registration Regulation. It seems impossible for the SAIC local branch to issue the license to the foreign partnership on the spot. In this scenario, the SAIC local branch shall make a decision on whether to issue the license to the foreign partnership within 20 working days after the date it accepts the complete application.

The Foreign Partnership Measures is the second case for MOC and MOC local branches to lose approval authority in the recent years. The first case is for the representative office opened by most of foreign enterprises in China since 2004. Although the loss of approval authority, the MOC local branches at the same level with the SAIC local branches accepting the application for establishment of foreign partnership shall be advised the registration information (including the establishment, alteration and cancel) of the foreign partnerships by the latter.

Conclusion

For those foreign partners not interested in establishing professional foreign partnerships such as law firms in China, they are now can access the Chinese market with a presence in the option of partnership. The approval procedures involved with the MOC or its local branches as set up for FIEs has been removed. The minimum investment (registered capital) requirement for FIEs has been reduced to RMB30,000 (RMB100,000 for one-person limited liability company) by the Company Law of the People's Republic of China (revised in 2005), the Foreign Partnership Measures leave the minimum investment open to the partners. The foreign partners can contribute with the currency (freely exchanged foreign currency or legally earned RMB), in kind, IPR, land use right, the other properties or labor service (limited to general partners) to the foreign partnerships. All these will minimize the cost for foreign partners to achieve their goal of profit maximization in China. But those enterprises focusing on the investment business, such as the foreign-funded venture capital investment enterprises and foreign-funded investment companies, are excluded from the Foreign Partnership Measures due to lack of experience in administrating this kind of enterprises by the government.

The issue of the Foreign Partnership Measures has been waited for more than two years since the Draft was published in 2007 and received a widely welcome. But its simplification with sixteen articles in only one and half pages remains some issues unsolved and ambiguous to the foreign partners. The foreign partners need also to consider more when they make a decision on their option of partnership, which may require the assistance from the legal professionals.

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Revolutionising the Global Trade and Transport

As a retailer, you have many priorities to keep your business running smoothly, but the most important of all is time with your customer. The ability to offer as much of your time to your customer is something that many retailers lack because they have so many things that need to be attended to. Stock control and re-ordering, payroll and staff administration, transferring products between stores and keeping accurate stock inventories of all stores. These things all take time and manpower that detracts from providing the best customer service possible.

Until now retailers have often had to do many of these things manually and separately, sometimes using different computer systems for different tasks. This can lead to inconsistencies in databases, confusion in stock inventories, and problems at the point of sale. Training for staff, particularly when a company feels the need to change their systems frequently in search of a better way to operate can be costly and time consuming, again detracting from customer service.

Recent advances in point of sale solutions have allowed the retailer to use one system to control all of the things they need to do to keep their shop running smoothly. Not only can they serve the customer and process sales, but those sales figures will automatically update stock inventory in real time. If there are multiple stores operating on one system, they will all receive the updated stock information as they occur.

New retail pos solutions are finding businesses working more efficiently and smoothly, with less errors and in turn, higher turnover. Many companies lose a lot of money annually, due to inconsistencies in databases and stock inventory - sometimes due to human error, but often due to insufficient warehouse inventory systems. Advances in pos solutions are helping businesses all over the world to work more efficiently in many ways, which leaves more time for the all important customer.

Pos solutions Australia are being adopted all over the country, and consumers are seeing a rapid improvement in customer service skills, thanks largely to the newly efficient way in which retail outlets are able to function. A single system that can combine and effectively manage retail pos solutions, as well as the store and warehouse inventories, stock controlling and ordering can revolutionise the way a retail store functions.

While setting up such point of sale solutions can also be a time consuming and highly skilled task requiring an expert to install, once the system is up and running, the difference within your company would be immense. With the ease of stock control being a weight off the shoulders of your business, and smooth and efficient pos solutions and transactions providing that all important pleasing customer interface, anything that cannot be attended to or controlled by a retail pos solutions system is made easier, if only by the extra time that you have to attend to them because you are not spending valuable hours sorting out stock discrepancies and inter-store transfer issues.

A web forum, where companies gather and interact with each other, along with the individual buyers and sellers, usually for the purpose of exchanging some significant information. When this exchange occurs on a global level it is termed as Global Trading. Since international trading makes profit for the companies, it amplified the reason that people congregated to achieve more business. Also, they achieved plenty of additional expansion.

The key benefit of global trading is that people can contact with large audiences around the world easily without any restriction. Furthermore, it also uncovers the best suppliers and manufacturers from all around the world. Trading universally through internet reduces the traditional boundaries like geographical distance as well as time.

Possible consumers are able to go online at any time and purchase anything they wish for. Furthermore, it is usually experienced that comparatively less error occurred while replacing the order on the web rather than on an offline medium and it led to much less transactional expenses. It increases earning and efficiency. These transaction costs can be used on other segments like improving some company's process research, development and production.

A website for global trading allows the agents to directly interact with other people efficiently without any superfluous brokerage charges. These global trading websites empower not only global traders to get in touch for instance B2B Telemarketing. But these websites also make brokers to charge their clients pragmatically; this is the reason these trading websites leap up with an all-embracing escalation rate. Indeed, the dealers are using global trading websites to discover original customers. Such websites offer its services to an extensive array of traders, sellers, resellers, buyers, distributors, suppliers, manufacturers, wholesalers, exporters and importers.

Global trading websites have allowed the negligence of the office expenses. Through these forums, a single individual can do a job of around 10 people at one time, and this has greatly decreased the expenses and increased the profit margins. You can now work easily from your home and be in front of the world instead of those who travel by air, and by hundred other means. The expenses will only be of the electricity, internet and other minor charges, which will not affect the profit margin in any way. Websites for international trade have allowed people to create flexibility in their daily routines. Due to the time difference, they can easily manage their daily proceedings.

Global trading websites are a set of essential tools for the success of a business. Due to the simplification of these websites global trading websites, they got rapid popularity. You can simply register and start trading. Now you can post your product, buy or sale and contact with other people from all around the world.

International trade is the exchange of goods and services between countries. This type of trade gives rise to a world economy, in which prices, or supply and demand, affect and are affected by global events. Political change in Asia, for example, could result in an increase in the cost of labor, thereby increasing the manufacturing costs for an American sneaker company based in Malaysia, which would then result in an increase in the price that you have to pay to buy the tennis shoes at your local mall. A decrease in the cost of labor, on the other hand, would result in you having to pay less for your new shoes. Trading globally gives consumers and countries the opportunity to be exposed to goods and services not available in their own countries. Almost every kind of product can be found on the international market: food, clothes, spare parts, oil, jewelry, wine, stocks, currencies and water. Services are also traded: tourism, banking, consulting and transportation. A product that is sold to the global market is an export, and a product that is bought from the global market is an import. Imports and exports are accounted for in a country's current account in the balance of payments.

Global trade allows wealthy countries to use their resources - whether labor, technology or capital - more efficiently. Because countries are endowed with different assets and natural resources (land, labor, capital and technology), some countries may produce the same good more efficiently and therefore sell it more cheaply than other countries. If a country cannot efficiently produce an item, it can obtain the item by trading with another country that can. This is known as specialization in international trade.

International trade not only results in increased efficiency but also allows countries to participate in a global economy, encouraging the opportunity of foreign direct investment (FDI), which is the amount of money that individuals invest into foreign companies and other assets. In theory, economies can therefore grow more efficiently and can more easily become competitive economic participants.

As with other theories, there are opposing views. International trade has two contrasting views regarding the level of control placed on trade: free trade and protectionism. Free trade is the simpler of the two theories: a laissez-faire approach, with no restrictions on trade. The main idea is that supply and demand factors, operating on a global scale, will ensure that production happens efficiently. Therefore, nothing needs to be done to protect or promote trade and growth because market forces will do so automatically.

In contrast, protectionism holds that regulation of international trade is important to ensure that markets function properly. Advocates of this theory believe that market inefficiencies may hamper the benefits of international trade and they aim to guide the market accordingly. Protectionism exists in many different forms, but the most common are tariffs, subsidies and quotas. These strategies attempt to correct any inefficiency in the international market.

PROBLEMS
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The size of the transport industry is tremendous – the global value of the seaborne trade itself is over $12 trillion (WTO statistics). The value of freight rates is USD 380 Billion is 2017 (UNCTAD). Although the shipping industry is one of the largest economic sectors it is the least technologically advanced one.
Today paper documents are issued for all shipped cargoes, no matter of the transport means. All original documents are being sent by couriers, taking time and money. All cargoes and freights are being paid for in traditional ways – via bank wire transfers or letter of credit. Those are expensive, slow and non-confidential methods. Increasingly more often USD and EUR transactions are being blocked for weeks by US correspondent banks. Anyone in the industry has encountered that problem. Original documents delivery delays and money transfer delays cause unaccounted extra costs, opportunity cost & depreciation of assets, while disturbing a long supply chain.

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SOLUTIONS
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CargoCoin is designed to be a smart contract, crypto currency platform, decentralising global trade and transport. The platform target is to facilitate and optimise the interaction amongst traders, freight forwarders, shipping lines, booking agents as well as all other parties involved in the international trade and transport of commodities and cargoes. The platform users experience outlines well-balanced ecosystem based on cutting edge crypto security and frictionless interaction.

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HOW IT WORKS
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The full scale scope of the project extends to all transport areas – shipping industry (containers, bulk, break bulk, liquid bulk), inland transportation (trucks, railways), air cargo (transportation by planes, drones, etc.), other types of transportation, including, but not limited to: pipeline transport, space cargo, intercity and outer city shared rides.

Transport platform: Dedicated platforms for the different types of transport in development will be interconnected, allowing for infinite transportation functionality. The objective is the creation of synergy between the commodities & cargo traders with all transport means on a global scale. The integration of all participants and tools delivers unique, one of a kind eco-system.

CargoCoin development has been set in the following stages:

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1. Shipping platform – development of the global shipping platform, utilising Smart Contracts (Smart Bill of Lading, Smart Letter of Credit, etc.), referred to as the platform in this whitepaper. The platform connects importers, exporters, freight forwarders, booking agents, ship brokers, ship owners, etc. into a single unified marketplace. 2. Inland platform – development of the global inland transport platform, utilising Smart Contracts. The inland platform will cover all ground based transport, such as trucks, railroad, pipes, etc. 3. Cargo all-purpose platform – development of a marketplace, utilising Smart Contracts, allowing manufacturers to showcase their produce and connect them directly with customers, through an established link to the ship and inland transport platforms. 4. Air cargo platform – development of air cargo transport, utilising Smart Contracts, including cargo planes, cargo choppers and drones.

Smart Contracts: CargoCoin utilises the transport platform, as a secure transfer and storage method by the means of smart contracts, as well as a payment provider for transport services and cargoes. Fully unleashes the potential of crypto currencies to act as an interactive way of sending, receiving, approving, rejecting and signing documents through the process.

CargoCoin is flexible and allows the parties involved to easily select the terms that they choose to interact with. Options for standard or custom negotiated terms, conditions and forms will boost the user experience. Elimination of language barriers will further facilitate the eco-system participants.

Platform Services:
   1. The Shipping Industry: The underlying asset of the Ecosystem;
   2. Containers. (FCL, LCL, OOG);
   3. Dry Bulk/Break Bulk;
   4. Liquid Bulk (tankers, chemical carriers, LNG, LPG);
   5. Liner Services;
   6. Essential Services to the trade & transport;
   7. Manning services (seafarers/crew for ships).

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